The ancient Egyptian civilization was rich with a pantheon of gods and goddesses, each with their own unique roles and significance. One such deity is Set, a god associated with the desert, storms, disorder, violence, and foreigners. Set played a prominent role in ancient Egyptian mythology and his influence extended beyond religious beliefs and practices. In this article, we will explore the many facets of Set’s character, his genealogy, his role in the Osiris myth, his conflicts with Horus, his associations with Egyptian astronomy and foreign gods, the worship dedicated to him, the demonization he faced, and his presence in popular culture. By doing so, we hope to provide a comprehensive understanding of Set and his enduring significance in ancient Egyptian mythology and modern times.
Who is Set?
Set is a complex and enigmatic figure in ancient Egyptian mythology. He is often depicted as a creature known as the Set animal, which resembles a unique combination of different animals, including aardvarks, donkeys, hyenas, jackals, pigs, and wild dogs. This representation symbolizes Set’s untamed and unpredictable nature, as well as his association with chaos and disorder. Set is also depicted with the head of a fantastical creature, further emphasizing his mythological and otherworldly characteristics.
Genealogy of Set
According to ancient Egyptian mythology, Set is the son of Geb, the Earth, and Nut, the Sky. This genealogy places Set within the framework of the Egyptian cosmology, where the Earth and Sky give birth to a multitude of gods and goddesses. Set is also closely linked to his siblings, most notably Osiris, Isis, and Nephthys. These familial connections play a crucial role in the stories and conflicts surrounding Set, as we shall soon discover.
Set’s Family Relationships
Set’s marriage to Nephthys, the sister of his brother Osiris, is a significant aspect of his mythological narrative. This union leads to the birth of several important figures in Egyptian mythology, including Anubis, the god of embalming, and Wepwawet, the opener of the ways. These relationships further highlight Set’s complex familial and divine associations, as well as his impact on crucial events in Egyptian mythology.
The Osiris Myth
One of the most well-known and significant stories in ancient Egyptian mythology is the Osiris myth, in which Set plays a central role. According to the myth, Set becomes envious of his brother Osiris’ popularity and rightful claim to the throne. In a fit of jealousy, Set plots against Osiris and ultimately succeeds in killing and dismembering him.
However, the goddess Isis, the wife of Osiris and sister of Set, embarks on a quest to reassemble Osiris’ body and restore him to life. With the assistance of her sister Nephthys, Isis is able to resurrect Osiris, and the couple conceives their son Horus.
Set vs. Horus
The conflict between Set and Horus forms a central narrative in Egyptian mythology. Set’s murder of Osiris sets the stage for a battle of epic proportions between Horus, the avenger of his father’s death, and Set, the jealous and disruptive force in the cosmos.
These conflicts take various forms in different Egyptian texts, ranging from battles of strength and physical combat to more nuanced challenges for kingship and divine favors. The outcome of these struggles varies depending on the version of the myth, with Horus ultimately emerging as the victor in some accounts.
Set and Egyptian Astronomy
Astronomy played a significant role in ancient Egyptian religious beliefs, and many gods and goddesses were associated with celestial bodies. Set, interestingly, was linked to the planet Mercury in Egyptian astronomy. This association between Set and Mercury holds deep symbolic meaning. Mercury is known for its quick movements and ever-changing appearance in the sky, reflecting Set’s chaotic and unpredictable nature.
The Egyptians believed that the movements and positions of celestial bodies held divine significance, and Set’s association with Mercury further reinforced his role as a god of chaos and disorder. This connection highlights the intricate relationship between Egyptian mythology and celestial observations, as well as the influence of astronomical beliefs on ancient Egyptian religious practices.
Set and Foreign Connections
Set’s connections to foreign gods are noteworthy and demonstrate the intricacies of ancient Egyptian religious beliefs. Set is often associated with the Hittite deity Teshub and the Canaanite deity Baal. These connections with foreign gods highlight the exchange and influences between different cultures and pantheons. It is possible that Set’s associations with foreign gods developed as a result of trade, conquest, or cultural exchange between ancient Egyptian civilization and its neighbors.
Worship of Set
Set was revered and worshipped throughout ancient Egypt, with several temples dedicated to him in different regions. The temples of Set in Ombos, Oxyrhynchus, and Sepermeru were particularly renowned for their associations with the god. Worshippers would engage in rituals and practices to honor and seek the favor of Set, including making offerings, performing prayers, and participating in festivals dedicated to the god.
The Demonization of Set
During Egypt’s history, the influence of foreign powers and conquerors had a profound impact on the perception of gods and goddesses. Set, once revered and worshipped, became demonized and associated with evil. The demonization of Set can be attributed to various reasons, including the conquest and political dominance of foreign powers who sought to diminish the influence of native Egyptian gods.
This demonization had lasting effects on Set’s status as a god in Egyptian society, with his worship declining in many areas. However, it is essential to note that Set’s cult persisted in some regions, particularly in outlying areas of Egypt, where the influence of foreign powers may have been less significant. Examples of Set’s continued worship can be found throughout Egyptian history, with some individuals maintaining a connection to the god despite prevailing social and religious pressures.
Set in Popular Culture
Set’s enduring legacy extends beyond ancient Egyptian mythology and continues to captivate the modern imagination. References to Set and his mythology can be found in various forms of popular culture, including literature, film, and television.
Example: Set in JoJo’s Bizarre Adventure
One notable portrayal of Set can be found in the manga and anime series JoJo’s Bizarre Adventure. Set, referred to as Sethan in the series, serves as an antagonist in the third part of the story, Stardust Crusaders. Set’s portrayal in JoJo’s Bizarre Adventure draws inspiration from ancient Egyptian mythology, infusing Set’s chaotic and unpredictable nature into the character.
The character Sethan embodies Set’s mythological aspects, utilizing powers associated with chaos and manipulation. This portrayal not only showcases Set’s enduring presence in popular culture but also serves as a testament to the continued fascination with ancient Egyptian mythology and its gods.
Example: Set in Doctor Who’s Pyramids of Mars
Set’s influence is not limited to manga and anime but can also be seen in live-action television series such as Doctor Who. In the serial Pyramids of Mars, Set, referred to as Sutekh, is a powerful alien being trapped on Mars. Sutekh’s character draws inspiration from Set’s associations with chaos and destruction, showcasing the lasting impact of Set’s mythological resonance on modern storytelling.
Set’s appearances in popular culture demonstrate his continued popularity and fascination in modern media, as well as the timeless appeal of ancient Egyptian mythology and its gods.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Set’s significance in ancient Egyptian mythology spans a wide range of themes and narratives. As a god associated with the desert, storms, disorder, violence, and foreigners, Set played a complex and pivotal role in Egyptian cosmology. His genealogy, relationships with his siblings and family, involvement in the Osiris myth, conflicts with Horus, connections to Egyptian astronomy and foreign gods, worship, demonization, and presence in popular culture all contribute to the multifaceted character of Set.
Through exploring Set’s mythology and enduring significance, we gain a richer understanding of not only ancient Egyptian beliefs but also the enduring fascination and appeal of ancient gods in modern times. Set’s remarkable legacy serves as a testament to the enduring power of mythology to captivate and inspire.