Quetzalcóatl, a significant figure in ancient Mesoamerica, has captivated scholars and enthusiasts alike with his mysterious identity and multifaceted symbolism. Associated with the winds, rain, and creation, this deity holds a prominent place in the mythology and art of the ancient civilizations in the region. His name, which means “quetzal (feathered bird) serpent (snake)” in the Nahuatl language, reflects the amalgamation of both earthly and celestial elements in his persona.
Quetzalcóatl emerges as the patron of priests and merchants, embodying realms of learning, science, agriculture, crafts, and the arts. He is credited with significant contributions to Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the invention of the calendar and the discovery of maize, a staple crop that fueled the growth and sustenance of ancient societies.
The deity’s association with Venus, commonly referred to as the Morning Star, adds further layers to his identity. This celestial connection also extends to the humble tlacuaches (opossums), which are believed to be messengers of Quetzalcóatl in Mesoamerican folklore.
Multiple cultures across Mesoamerica worshipped Quetzalcóatl under different names. He was conceived as the son of the primordial deity Ometeotl and the brother of Tezcatlipoca, Huizilopochtli, and Xipe Totec, all of whom held crucial roles in the Mesoamerican pantheon. The reverence for Quetzalcóatl extended far and wide, with Cholula, a sacred site in present-day Mexico, serving as a hub for his worshippers.
The postclassic period witnessed a reimagining of Quetzalcóatl’s character, closely aligning him with the wind and solidifying his status as the creator god Ehecatl-Quetzalcóatl. Within the Nahua tradition, he is regarded as one of the four sons of Tonacateuctli and Tonacacihuatl, the original creator deities.
One of Quetzalcóatl’s most significant roles is his participation in the creation myth of both human beings and the world. His involvement in the division of the monstrous reptilian entity Tlaltcuhtli to form the earth and sky and his descent into the underworld, Mictlán, to retrieve the bones necessary for the creation of humanity are revered episodes in Mesoamerican mythology.
Representations in Mesoamerican Art and Mythology
Quetzalcóatl’s presence in Mesoamerican art can be traced back to as early as the Olmec civilization and the city of Teotihuacán in the 3rd century CE. In these representations, he is depicted as a human figure adorned with shell jewelry and a conical hat, signifying his divine status.
The colors associated with Quetzalcóatl, namely black, red, blue, and white, are symbolic of the cardinal directions. These hues further emphasize his all-encompassing nature, as he is perceived to have dominion over all realms, both earthly and celestial.
Myths and Legends of Quetzalcóatl
Quetzalcóatl’s involvement in various creation myths is a testament to his central role in shaping the world and its inhabitants. He took part in the creation of the sun, the first man and woman, as well as the gods of fire and rain.
One of the most renowned legends associated with Quetzalcóatl is his partnership with the goddess Cihuacóatl in the creation of humanity. Together, they utilized maize and Cihuacóatl’s blood to fashion the first human beings. This tale highlights the close connection between Quetzalcóatl and agriculture, underscoring his importance as a benefactor of Mesoamerican societies.
Quetzalcóatl and Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcóactl
The legend of the Toltec ruler Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcóactl intertwines with the myths surrounding Quetzalcóatl. Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcóactl, viewed by many as a historical figure, assimilated the characteristics and symbolism associated with Quetzalcóatl, further amplifying the deity’s prominence.
However, the arrival of the Spanish conquerors and the subsequent imposition of Catholicism led to a reinterpretation of the Quetzalcóatl mythos. The merging of indigenous traditions with European influences shaped the modern perception of Quetzalcóatl as a transcultural symbol, representing Mexican pride and indigenous heritage.